In addition, the ocean surface R n plays an important role in the oceanic and climate-related research as an essential input to most models 8. Hence, as it is a major component of ocean heat flux, variations in the ocean surface R n can directly affect it and, in turn, influence atmospheric and oceanic circulations, and even climate change at different spatio-temporal scales 1, 6, 7. The ocean heat flux is closely related to the Earth’s Energy Imbalance (EEI) 4, which is represented by the difference between the incident solar radiation and the outgoing longwave radiation of the Earth, and is thought to characterize the planet’s climate and global warming caused by human activities 5. Ocean heat flux, which is composed of the ocean surface radiative heat flux ( R n) and turbulent heat flux (latent heat flux and sensible heat flux) 2, can regulate the heat balance in the Earth’s system through frequent air-sea energy exchange and by transferring the heat into the underlying body of water and the overlying air 3. The ocean is the largest body of heat storage in the Earth’s climate system because of its large specific heat capacity in seawater and high occupancy of the Earth’s surface area (71%). Where R si is the incoming shortwave radiation (negative upward, Wm −2), R so is the reflected outgoing shortwave radiation (Wm −2), R li is the incoming longwave radiation (Wm −2), and R lo is the outgoing longwave radiation (Wm −2). GHOSE R n product can be valuable for oceanic and climatic studies. The global average ocean surface R n over 1983–2020 is estimated to be 119.71 ± 2.78 Wm −2 with a significant increasing rate of 0.16 Wm −2 per year. Evaluation against in-situ measurements shows the root mean square difference, mean bias error and correlation coefficient squared of 23.56 Wm −2, 0.88 Wm −2 and 0.878.
Considering the shortcomings of available ocean surface R n datasets (e.g., coarse spatial resolutions, discrepancy in accuracy, inconsistency, and short duration), a new long-term global daily R n product at a spatial resolution of 0.05° from 1983 to 2020, as part of the Global High Resolution Ocean Surface Energy (GHOSE) products suite, was generated in this study by fusing several existing datasets including satellite and reanalysis products based on the comprehensive in situ measurements from 68 globally distributed moored buoy sites. The all-wave net radiation ( R n) on the ocean surface characterizes the available radiative energy balance and is important to understand the Earth’s climate system.
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